Geopolitics refers to the analysis of political forces influenced by geographical factors. In the era of globalization, interactions between countries become more complex, resulting in a significant impact on the global economy. Some of the main factors in geopolitics that influence the global economy include regional conflicts, strategic alliances, and trade policies. First, regional conflicts such as tensions in the Middle East, South China Sea and Eastern Europe have a detrimental impact on global economic stability. For example, conflicts in the Middle East often cause fluctuations in oil prices, which play an important role in the world economy. When oil prices soared due to tensions, countries that depend on energy imports saw economic growth decline. In addition, political uncertainty increases investment risks, prompting investors to withdraw their capital or invest in other, safer places. Second, strategic alliances, such as NATO and ASEAN, also influence global trade relations. Countries in such alliances often have free trade agreements that increase the volume of trade between members. However, tensions between different alliances, for example between the United States and China, can create trade barriers that affect global economic growth. The trade war between these two economic powers in 2018-2019 showed how imposed tariffs can trigger disruptions in global supply chains. This also affects the prices of goods and the cost of living in many countries. Third, trade policies set by large countries play an important role in determining the flow of goods and services. The protectionist policies implemented by the United States, for example, not only affect the countries involved, but also have global impacts. Countries that rely on exports to the US will have to adapt to these new conditions, which could result in decreased exports, job losses, and economic recession. Furthermore, climate change and natural resources are also part of geopolitics that can affect the global economy. Resource-rich countries often engage in protracted conflicts, while less fortunate countries try to secure access to critical resources. With population growth continuing to increase and energy demand continuing to be high, the potential for future conflicts over natural resources is becoming increasingly likely, which could trigger global economic instability. Apart from that, technology and innovation also contribute to changes in the geopolitical landscape. Countries that excel in advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and information technology, tend to lead in the global economy. As other countries try to catch up, this competition can create new tensions in international relations. In addition, demographic factors also influence geopolitical and economic dynamics. Countries with young and dynamic populations have the potential for higher economic growth, but also face challenges in providing employment opportunities. Conversely, countries with aging populations risk facing economic stagnation. As countries try to adapt policies to address demographic challenges, the impact can be felt in global markets. Finally, multilateral approaches in addressing global challenges such as health, sustainability and cybersecurity are increasingly important in addressing the negative impacts of geopolitics on the global economy. International cooperation and collective efforts are needed to create stability that can promote economic growth and sustainable development throughout the world.
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